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KMID : 1150720210100010004
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Integrative Medicine Research
2021 Volume.10 No. 1 p.4 ~ p.4
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Ginseng gintonin, aging societies, and geriatric brain diseases
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Choi Sun-Hye
Lee Ra-Mi
Nam Sung-Min
Kim Do-Geun
Cho Ik-Hyun
Kim Hyoung-Chun
Cho Yoon-Jeong
Rhim Hye-Whon
Nah Seung-Yeol
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Abstract
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Background: A dramatic increase in aging populations and low birth rates rapidly drive aging societies and increase aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases. However, functional food or medicinal formulations to prevent geriatric brain disorders are not readily available. Panax ginseng is a candidate, since ginseng has long-been consumed as a rejuvenating agent. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the components of ginseng that are responsible for brain rejuvenation and human longevity are unknown. Accumulating evidence shows that gintonin is a candidate for the anti-aging ingredient of ginseng, especially in brain senescence.
Methods: Gintonin, a glycolipoprotein complex, contains three lipid-derived G protein-coupled receptor ligands: lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs), lysophosphatidylinositols (LPIs), and linoleic acid (LA). LPA, LPI, and LA act on six LPA receptor subtypes, GPR55, and GPR40, respectively. These G protein-coupled receptors are distributed within the nervous and non-nervous systems of the human body.
Results: Gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) exhibits anti-brain senescence and effects against disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Oral administration of gintonin in animal models of d-galactose-induced brain aging, AD, HD, and PD restored cognitive and motor functions. The underlying molecular mechanisms of gintonin-mediated anti-brain aging and anti-neurodegenerative diseases include neurogenesis, autophagy stimulation, anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory activities. This review describes the characteristics of gintonin and GEF, and how gintonin exerts its effects on brain aging and brain associated-neurodegenerative diseases.
Conclusion: Finally, we describe how GEF can be applied to improve the quality of life of senior citizens in aging societies.
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KEYWORD
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Panax ginseng, Gintonin, Brain aging, Neurodegenerative diseases, Rejuvenation
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